Answer: C 

Explanation: These four parameters are examined in order to make root bridge , root port , designated port. Other switch has lowest Sending Bridge ID or Sending Port ID so vlan 2 is not the root port. 

1. A lower Root Bridge ID2. A lower path cost to the Root3. A lower Sending Bridge ID4. A lower Sending Port ID 

Answer: B,E 

Explanation: 

http://www.cisco.com/en/US/tech/tk389/tk621/technologies_white_paper09186a0080094cf a.shtml 

Port Roles The role is now a variable assigned to a given port. The root port and designated port roles remain, while the blocking port role is split into the backup and alternate port roles. The Spanning Tree Algorithm (STA) determines the role of a port based on Bridge Protocol Data Units (BPDUs). In order to simplify matters, the thing to remember about a BPDU is there is always a method to compare any two of them and decide whether one is more useful than the other. This is based on the value stored in the BPDU and occasionally on the port on which they are received. This considered, the information in this section explains practical approaches to port roles. 

Compatibility with 802.1D RSTP is able to interoperate with legacy STP protocols. However, it is important to note that the inherent fast convergence benefits of 802.1w are lost when it interacts with legacy bridges. 

Answer: B 

Explanation: 

Understanding VLAN Trunk Protocol (VTP) http://www.cisco.com/en/US/tech/tk389/tk689/technologies_tech_note09186a0080094c52. shtml 

Introduction VLAN Trunk Protocol (VTP) reduces administration in a switched network. When you configure a new VLAN on one VTP server, the VLAN is distributed through all switches in the domain. This reduces the need to configure the same VLAN everywhere. VTP is a Cisco-proprietary protocol that is available on most of the Cisco Catalyst series products. 

Answer: D 

Explanation: 

A protocol that establishes, configures, and tests data link connections used by the PPP Link Control Protocol offers PPP encapsulation different options, including the following: Authentication - options includes PAP and CHAP Compression - Data compression increases the throughput on a network link, by reducing the amount of data that must be transmitted. Error Detection -Quality and Magic numbers are used by PPP to ensure a reliable, loop-free data link. Multilink - Supported in IOS 11.1 and later, multilink is supported on PPP links between Cisco routers. This splits the load for PPP over two or more parallel circuits and is called a bundle. 

Answer: A 

Explanation: 

PPP permits multiple network layer protocols to operate on the same communication link. For every network layer protocol used, a separate Network Control Protocol (NCP) is provided in order to encapsulate and negotiate options for the multiple network layer protocols. It negotiates network-layer information, e.g. network address or compression options, after the connection has been established 

Answer: C 

Explanation: 

http://www.cisco.com/en/US/tech/tk365/technologies_tech_note09186a0080093f07.shtml 

Feasible Successors A destination entry is moved from the topology table to the routing table when there is a feasible successor. All minimum cost paths to the destination form a set. From this set, the neighbors that have an advertised metric less than the current routing table metric are considered feasible successors. Feasible successors are viewed by a router as neighbors that are downstream with respect to the destination. These neighbors and the associated metrics are placed in the forwarding table. When a neighbor changes the metric it has been advertising or a topology change occurs in the network, the set of feasible successors may have to be re-evaluated. However, this is not categorized as a route recomputation. Feasible successor is a route whose Advertised Distance (AD) is less than the Feasible Distance (FD) of the current best path. A feasible successor is a backup route, which is not stored in the routing table but, stored in the topology table. 

Answer: B 

Explanation: 

Cisco High-Level Data Link Controller (HDLC) is the Cisco proprietary protocol for sending data over synchronous serial links using HDLC. So HDLC runs only in Cisco router. PPP is not proprietary protocol it's a open source every cisco router and non-cisco router understand the PPP protocol.So we need to configure the PPP protocol if connection is between cisco and non-cisco router. 

Answer: C 

Explanation: 

Spanning Tree from PVST+ to Rapid-PVST Migration Configuration Example Reference 1: http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/hw/switches/ps708/products_configuration_example 09186a00807b0670.shtml 

Reference 2: http://www.cisco.com/en/US/tech/tk389/tk621/technologies_white_paper09186a0080094cf a.shtml 

PVST+ is based on IEEE802.1D Spanning Tree Protocol (STP). But PVST+ has only 3 port states (discarding, learning and forwarding) while STP has 5 port states (blocking, listening, learning, forwarding and disabled). So discarding is a new port state in PVST+. 

Background Information 

802.1D Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) has a drawback of slow convergence. Cisco 

Catalyst switches support three types of STPs, which are PVST+, rapid-PVST+ and MST. 

PVST+ is based on IEEE802.1D standard and includes Cisco proprietary extensions such 

as BackboneFast, UplinkFast, and PortFast. Rapid-PVST+ is based on IEEE 802.1w 

standard and has a faster convergence than 802.1D. RSTP (IEEE 802.1w) natively 

includes most of the Cisco proprietary enhancements to the 802.1D Spanning Tree, such 

as BackboneFast and UplinkFast. Rapid-PVST+ has these unique features: 

Uses Bridge Protocol Data Unit (BPDU) version 2 which is backward compatible with the 

802.1D STP, which uses BPDU version 0. 

All the switches generate BPDUs and send out on all the ports every 2 seconds, whereas 

in 802.1D STP only the root bridge sends the configuration BPDUs. 

Port Roles—Root port, designated port, alternate port and backup port. 

Port States—Discarding, Learning, and Forwarding. 

Port Types—Edge Port (PortFast), Point-to-Point and Shared port. 

Rapid-PVST uses RSTP to provide faster convergence. When any RSTP port receives 

legacy 802.1D BPDU, it falls back to legacy STP and the inherent fast convergence 

benefits of 802.1w are lost when it interacts with legacy bridges. 

Answer: B 

Explanation: map will show frame relay encapsulation (cisco or ietf) http://www.cisco.com/en/US/docs/ios/12_2/wan/command/reference/wrffr4.html#wp102934 

"show frame-relay map" will show frame relay encapsulation type (CISCO or IETF) 

Answer: C,E,F 

Explanation: 

EIGRP performs an auto-summarization each time it crosses a border between two different major networks, so when R2 advertises the routes to R4 it will advertise only the summarized routes of 10.0.0.0/8 and 172.16.0.0/16, along with the 192.168.1.0/24 route coming from R3.